Totalitarian Regime in Nineteen Eighty Four and the Partys Methods of

1984, write by George Orwell and published in 1949, follows the life of Winston Smith and his attempts to rebel against the totalitarian state in which he lives. Winston lives in London in the country of Oceania, led by Big pal, a strict party which maintains power and control by censoring everyones behaviour and thoughts and nerve-racking to recreate people in the partys image. Throughout the book, the party attempts to gain complete control over Oceania in many another(prenominal) different ways, some, samely used, currently. In many ways, 1984 could be described as reflecting many political issues in reality, for example, the nazi regime and Hitlers way of controlling the country. This is quite likely as the book is written at about the time that Hitler was in power, and some say that 1984 is a depiction of how life would be like, if the world had continued to be run in a totalitarian way. The description of Big Brother, himself, is very similar to Hitlers appearance - a man of about forty-five with a heavy black mustache and like Hitler, big brother has an idea of what people should be like and how they should behave. The fact that Big Brother targets young people, in particular, and tries to brainwash them into loving the party, is similar to Hitler?s attempts to get young people on his side and to get them involved in his conquest. This is one of the main ways in which Big Brother gains control over Oceania. By targeting the younger generation, they can be sure that they don?t have many previous thoughts and aren?t as reproducible as adults, to work out when Big Brother has twisted the truth or tried to cover up the past. They also make the party hail to the children, by having songs, processions, banners and celebrations and even tur... ...ting in books or reading, is forbidden as you can not express yourself or show any individuality.The language is being replaced by ?newspeak?, a language where there is no variation in words and the only way to exaggerate something is by using plus on the antecedent of the word so that the only purpose of language is for communicating and it can no longer be enjoyed. All of these methods which the party has used were successful in 1984, in gaining the power. If the party were to continue to be in charge of Oceania after 1984, no-one like Winston would exist any more, and everyone would believe what Big Brother was saying from twenty-four hours to day, without getting any enjoyment out of life. It is easy to imagine that in the end, there will be no separating man from woman, the war would continue on forever and the only purpose of the human race would be to serve Big Brother.

Kelly and Sale: Persuasive Or Pointless? Essay -- Kelly Sale Argumenta

Kelly and Sale Persuasive Or Pointless? Unarguably, since technology has been introduced, it has had profound effects, permeating not only onto society, but our entire ecological system. To categorise the effects of technology as predominantly beneficial or detrimental, as Kevin Kelly and Kirkpatrick Sale claim in their converse, is difficult. Interview With The Luddite captures and vividly illustrates their ostensibly pointless and developing ideas. Kelly, protechnology, and Sale, a contemporary neo-Luddite, discuss many technological issues, including the automation of the labor force, oral tradition, literacy, and civilization. Later, they go on to present often radical and unrealistic solutions to the issues. charm at times I can fathom certain aspects of the arguments, their solutions are predominantly too idealistic. In this paper, I plan to explore the physical prospect of the interview, important nonphysical aspects including the intentions of the participants, and the i deas presented, while incorporating my own perceptions of their persuasiveness and effectiveness. The atmosphere of the June 1995 interview between Kelly and Sale is of essential importance to the initial impressions of the audience. Firstly, Kelly and Sale agreed to the interview which was published in Wired mag. This popular on-line magazine lacks any in-depth discussion of even the most problematic issues surrounding digital culture (243). Obviously, the magazine offers a purely biased perspective and presents only the positive effects of technological innovations. Appearing in such a biased magazine whitethorn seem initially beneficial to the conversion intentions of Sale, the Luddite, but with deeper analysis it becomes clear that the c... ... convincing. Still, I cannot fathom the motivations behind the interview for either participant. Perhaps Kellys goal was to curve Sale, which he did, and perhaps Sales goal was to attract publicity. Nevertheless, neither was very effect ive or intriguing in their arguments. I propose we invite technology and basically the future. But we should never overstep our boundaries in this world. Instead, accept our role, have regard for nature, respect the Higher Being, and finally consider the consequences of our actions. If all aspects are considered, the undeveloped and seemingly pointless analogies illustrated by Kelly and Sale can be thankfully avoided. Works CitedKelly, Kevin. Interview With The Luddite. Andrea A.Lunsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz, The Presence Of Others Voices That Call For A Response. New York St. Martins Press, 1997. (243-253)

Michael Jordan :: essays research papers

Michael Jordan is the Chicago Bulls superstar who beat Charles Barkley and Akeem Olajuwon for Rookie of the Year Honors in 1985. Perhaps, he is the greatest player to of tout ensemble time play the game....he even has six championship rings to back up his claim, including 3 straight from 1991-1993, and 3 more in 1996-1998. Michael was named the NBA Finals MVP in all of those titles. Hes won them all with Scottie Pippen. In 1991, Jordans Bulls finally overcame the greatest impediment to their teams success, Isiah Thomas Detroit Pistons, who had regularly eliminated the Bulls from the playoffs. In 1993 he averaged 41.0 ppg in the finals, for a record. This 6-6 superstar guard is a fadeless NBA first teamer (10 times from 1987-1993 and 1996 and again as a unanimous selection in 1997 and 1998). He was once again an All-NBA First Team member in 1996 after making his return from baseball. You can always pencil Mike in as the starting guard for the all-star game (13 appearances in 1985 and from 1987-1993, 1997-1998 and again in 2002). He started for the ninth time in 1997, as the first player EVER to receive more that 2 million votes. In the 1997 Game he became the first player ever to record a triple double in the all-star game with 14 points, 11 rebounds and 11 asssists. Jordan was not named MVP that stratum (Glen Rice received that honor), but he did win the Games MVP award in 1988 after scoring 40 points and again in 1996. Jordan was once again select to start (10th time in 12 appearances) in 1998 after leading the eastern conference in voting. After coming out of retirement, Jordan was elected to start again for the eastern all-stars in 2002. Jordan holds the record for most career scoring titles with eight, including 7 straight, also a record. He scores so many a(prenominal) points that it is almost unfair to compare him with other players. On November 6, 1996 Michael scored 50 points for the 36th time in his career Jordan eclipsed the 25,000 career poin ts total, and he continues to dominate in that statistical category. He was the tenth player to score that many points, accomplishing the feat against San Antonio on November 30, 1996, with his 35th point of the game. On January 4, 2001 Michael Jordan scored his 30,000 career point, becoming the fourth player in NBA history to reach the 30,000 point milestone.

Authoritarianism: Until the Resources Dry Out Essay -- Government Poli

History has known far more dictatorial regimes than all other form of government. Authoritarianism is a form of non-democratic rule defined by assign power being centralized in a exclusive person or a small group of people. Unlike democracies, these individuals in power are non dependent on the people for power. Thus, under authoritarianism, state leaders have little accountability to the public and there is little individual freedom. Additionally, authoritarian regimes are not bound by a geological formation that might limit their power. Such democratic liberties such as the right to assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are highly controlled or non-existent. State policies are designed to maintain the power status quo in favor of the ruling group and perceived threats are marginalized or, in some cases, extinguished.Authoritarianism is more in all probability to exist in countries that have not yet experienced a high degree of modernization. This is because , without modernization, many of the fundamental institutions thought to be required for republic are not yet thoroughly developed. These institutions include intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and the emergence of an economic middle class. In fact, it is highly correlated that a middle class is a vital requirement for the existence of democracy. However, modernization by itself does not always mean that the end result will be a democracy. For instance, if modernization occurs in some urban areas but lags behind in the rural areas it could be destabilizing to democratic institutions. Poverty is also strongly linked to authoritarianism although it alone is not a correlation. Authoritarian regimes would not survive if there was not at least a segment of the population that supp... ...ain control of the countrys wealth and resources. Authoritarian regimes use coercion and limit individual freedom to maintain their power. They are also able to keep a middle class from emerge by hinderi ng economic development. In these regimes, when the resources run out they are no longer able to buy off the segments of the population, the elites, necessary to maintain that power. mental imagery rich, countries are able to sustain authoritarian regimes longer than those without. However, as evidenced by the eventual demise of the Soviet Union, even the most powerful of authoritarian regimes are vulnerable when the resources start to dry up. Works Cited ONeil, Patrick H. Essentials of Comparative Politics. Third Edition. 2010 P. 142 P. 146 P. 146 P. 146 P. 146 P. 147 P. 143 P. 142 P. 147 P. 147 P. 144 P. 152 P. 153

The Ins and Outs of the Music Industry Essay -- Music

I propose that all unsigned rising artist should target the credit line side of the medication attention to be self-made in the entertainment business because it allows the artist to be taken seriously and make solid connections that can further his/her career. Learning the works of the music industry also en opens a new artist to be further successful and profitable. Recent studies show that most new artists without professional representation and a business mindset have a slimmer chance in getting signed to major or independent labels (Lowry, 2011). Overall, the specific change needed is that unsigned artists should be concentrating on their careers as professionals and not amateurs, thus focusing on the ins and outs of the music business and how they can obtain success, generate profit, and endure longevity. Furthermore, learning the fundamentals of the music business is beneficial in many ways. If unsigned artist focused more attention on nurturing their talent to its hi ghest potential, then their chance at comer success would be greater. According to The Tipping Point, The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a crabbed and rare set of social gifts. In other words, talents are needed and the only way to achieve that is if you work continuously hard. Moreover, if new artist induce proficient in their talent along with hard work, then success becomes reachable and introduces the theory that, if an artist works hard then they are able to play hard.Studying this deeper, understand that as an artist, beginner or veteran, the idea for commercial success is to know your business. Realize that building a team is a number one priority most new artist overlook this ... ...). Retrieved May 3, 2012, from About.com. Carmichael, G. (2009, whitethorn 12). The Tipping Point Part 4 and 5. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from examiner.comDictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Itunes.Goldstein, J. ( n.d.). iii Methods to Getting Openers and Supporting Slots. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Music Biz AcademyHONSBERGER, S. (2011, Janurary 19). 7 Tips For Maintaining Relationships In The Music Business. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from MusicThinkTank.comJonny. (2008, September 24). iTunes finally opens up to unsigned acts. Retrieved may 6, 2012, from Distorted-Loop.comKaufman, A. (2010, April 9). Pop & Hiss The L.A Times Music Blog. Retrieved May 3, 2012.Kellie, N. (2011, February 15). Maintain a Career in Music. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from Jamplay.comLowry, D. (2011, November 11). Why 99% of Indies Dont Get Signed. Retrieved May 02, 2012.

The Ins and Outs of the Music Industry Essay -- Music

I propose that all unsigned rising workman should target the business side of the medicament industry to be successful in the entertainment business because it allows the artist to be taken seriously and make solid connections that can further his/her c beer. Learning the works of the music industry also enables a new artist to be further successful and profitable. Recent studies show that most new artists without professional representation and a business mindset have a slimmer chance in getting signed to major or independent labels (Lowry, 2011). Overall, the specific change needed is that unsigned artists should be concentrating on their careers as professionals and not amateurs, thus focusing on the ins and outs of the music business and how they can obtain success, generate profit, and endure longevity. Furthermore, learning the basic principle of the music business is beneficial in many ways. If unsigned artist focused more attention on nurturing their talent to its hig hest potential, then their chance at reaching success would be greater. According to The Tipping Point, The success of any kind of social epidemic is heavily dependent on the involvement of people with a particular and rare set of social gifts. In other words, talents are needed and the only way to achieve that is if you work continuously hard. Moreover, if new artist become proficient in their talent along with hard work, then success becomes reachable and introduces the theory that, if an artist works hard then they are able to play hard.Studying this deeper, understand that as an artist, beginner or veteran, the idea for commercial success is to know your business. Realize that building a aggroup is a number one priority most new artist overlook this ... ...). Retrieved may 3, 2012, from About.com. Carmichael, G. (2009, may 12). The Tipping Point Part 4 and 5. Retrieved may 7, 2012, from examiner.comDictionary.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Itunes.Goldstein, J. (n.d.). Three Methods to Getting Openers and Supporting Slots. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Music Biz AcademyHONSBERGER, S. (2011, Janurary 19). 7 Tips For Maintaining Relationships In The Music Business. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from MusicThinkTank.comJonny. (2008, September 24). iTunes finally opens up to unsigned acts. Retrieved may 6, 2012, from Distorted-Loop.comKaufman, A. (2010, April 9). Pop & Hiss The L.A Times Music Blog. Retrieved May 3, 2012.Kellie, N. (2011, February 15). Maintain a Career in Music. Retrieved May 7, 2012, from Jamplay.comLowry, D. (2011, November 11). Why 99% of Indies Dont Get Signed. Retrieved May 02, 2012.

The Position of Women in Our Society

Women be the inherent part of our fiat and cannot be omit due to their less power and authority. They are executed as a companion for men and men control to give birth her walk with them in the course of life. As Pakistan is an Islamic state so Pakistani womanlys role and behaviors are defined by Islamic laws and as such are presumption divine sanction. She plays roles as a mother, a sister, a daughter, a wife. They play their roles with great responsibilities in upbringing of a healthy solid inn, but she is in our so c anyed modern world, still living in chains.The basic unit of society is a woman. As woman makes a family, family makes a home and homes make a society. So we should never think that a society would come into existence without the contribution of women. We all know that without education, no development is possible. Here we contract forgotten that the very first and best school of a child is its mothers lap. A good healthy society doesnt automatically emerge on its own and stands firm but it needs to be emerged and for its emergence women play a pivotal role. From behavioral to health education women have their hands in. ts a woman who teaches how to behave, how to speak and how to deal with different classes of people. These all are the basic fundamentals of a good society and women are the main contributors in twist up a strong society. Arabia, the origin of Islam, in pre-Islamic ages was wrapped all over by blanket of injustice deeds, wicked thoughts and immorality. Women were the most effected during that time. They were treated like animals. They were only used as sex toys and they were worse than slaves. The new born baby girls were buried lively as they thought girls were a curse for the family and society.But They didnt know that Allahs blessings are upon that home and parents that have daughters. With the advent of Islam, the women got the respect and status in the society that she ever deserved. It the woman who is a mothe r and Islam has taught us that paradise lies under the feet of mother. From this we can judge womens respect and importance in our life and society. The western countries have tremendously developed in all fields of life. Their education, their health departments, the departments of information technology are the in the highest rankings.In western countries men and women are working shoulder to shoulder in the same pace and both are contributing and playing their parts equally in the developmental processes. They are given basic education as well as fundamental and higher education without any restrictions from the society. That is why the West is that some(prenominal) developed. As they are educating and encouraging both the sexes equally and discriminating none. Like this there is competition and where there is competition there is invention and invention leads to spacious developments.Pakistan is an Islamic inelegant and exists and functions in the context of its unique set o f historical, social, economic and political circumstances. Women within Islamic boundaries can take part in all activities weather they belong to financial, national, international, social or domestic affairs. Women population of our country is greater than that of men population. If such a big portion of population is unplowed behind then its difficult to progress with due speed and we will obviously lag behind the developed countries.Pakistan is an under developed country and most of its population is of the youth. Its a golden chance for Pakistan to rightly utilize the youths energies. Women are more productive than men if in Pakistan they are given the right platform they will smoothly carry the nation towards development. The role of Pakistani women in their families revolves around well-established conventions of male supremacy and female sub ordinance. Here the complete responsibility lies on the shoulders of the male to educate and encourage the females to step forward and to play their role in developmental processes.Women are not only for home-making and child-rearing but they must also be given chance to put their hands a little forward in building up of a good solid society. A good solid society is a good harbinger of development. In order for a society to be a pure society, both men and women should think, dress and behave in ways that allow pure thoughts and actions to dominate the way of life and create a social climate conducive to the achievement of the real goal of life.

Development of a Multinational Personnel Selection System Essay

1. Based on your reading of the textbook chapter what strengths and what shortcomings do you see in the newly developed multinational personnel extract strategy?The newly developed multinational personnel selection system seems to be okay at first glance. It is great that the system is two- layered, with the first tier consisting of three modules viewing the applicants resume, an unstructured phone interview with the applicants, and three references from former employees. These three modules from the first tier be mostly related to background research of the applicant. Through the application documentations of the candidates, it is possible to permeate out candidates with obvious mismatches related to the job and also screen through or so important aspects deal past experience and related skills.Next, by doing a phone interview, interviewers would be able to figure out some basic characteristics and impressions rough the applicant. The last procedure of the first tier, referen ces, entrust be very important be spend a penny it would be to best source of breeding about the applicant. As stated in the textbook, references can provide (1) education and employment history, (2) character and interpersonal competence, (3) ability to perform the job, and (4) the willingness of the past or current employer to rehire the applicant.The second of the selection process consists of a panel interview, a biography oriented in-depth interview, a simulated group exercise, and a movement. These modules will allow the interviewees to figure out competencies of the applicants and the severity of those skills and also some in-depth information. The in-depth biography oriented interview will most likely provide sensible data about the candidates. The testing procedures will the test the candidate for general intelligence and the big five. Overall, the new procedure seems like it is able to take in to account most of the information that is computer addressed in the text book. However, at that place still are some blind spots to be used on a global level.To start with, the reference procedure may cause some unexpected problems. The staff members assumed that getting references from former employers and colleges would let them screen out cheaters and imposters. This may be true in westerly culture, however, considering Asian culture this may non be the case. As generally accepted, Asians tend to try to be in harmony with early(a)s and care a lot about what others will think about them. If this is true, at that place is possibility that the former employees will leave out negative remarks in the urge onation due to these reasons, especially if the applicants are able to see the references.Next, although the biography-oriented in-depth interview will provide much important data about the applicant, the interview should be oriented towards job requirements. If it is too general, the information will become more of a general explanation or impress ion of the applicant and may not be able to provide valid data. This way it will also be possible to reduce the chance of faking.Third of all, the simulated group interview seems to be insufficient. It is stated in the obligate that the candidate will have a group discussion with three other role-players. Although this may let the observers evaluate certain aspects, I believe that having role-players may diminish the applicants potential. Lets say that the interviewee is good at brainstorming or developing new ideas. He/she may not be able to fully show his/her potential due to the fact that the other members in the group are just playing their role they will not be convinced by the new ideas or provide improvements to raw ideas. This may not let the observers know the full potential of the interviewees abilities. Therefore I think that a leaderless group interview would be better in order to evaluate the candidate.Last, and most importantly, there is no mention about how the proce dures will be adapted and implemented in different countries. Considering that this was a new procedure for a multinational personnel selection system, it seems like the staff has left out the most important part. Without any adaptation among different cultures, the new procedure would not be that different compared to any other local hiring procedure.To conclude, the new multinational personnel selection system seems to cover most of the important aspects that are mentioned in the textbook and the procedures seem mostly valid. However, unless there is a adaptation system that may work globally, the new system does not seem so new compared to other hiring procedures.2. If you were asked to consult with the project team, what would you suggest to them?The most important recommendation would be that the members should consider some cultural differences while in discussion. Throughout the meeting the staff members show typical characteristics of Asians and westerns. The Chinese employ ees have a hard time standing up to others and feel embarrassed when opposed. On the other hand the members from overseas, especially Mueller, show typical western character. They are strong in their opinion and openly disprove of others opinions if they think it is wrong.Even the leader of the team, Koch, seems to be part of this situation. In fact, he is irritated by the Chinese employees behavior and does not understand how serious it is. Under these kinds of circumstances it seems impossible to have a productive meeting. What the team should do first is try to understand and consider each others culture. This would be the first step to properly come up with system for multinational hiring. How would they make be able to make a system that considers different cultures if they dont even understand their own team members?The next recommendation would be that the members should heed and respect what the others are saying. While reading through the article, it seemed like most of the members were just trying to appeal that their ideas are the best. Everyone opposed each others idea and backed their own suggestions. It was an endless stream of interruption. Unless they learn to listen and respect others opinions, the meeting would never be productive.Another recommendation would be to Koch. I would like to tell him to be in control of the situation. It is the leaders role in a meeting the control the members. If Koch had been more involved in the meeting and was able to control the situation, the meeting would not have lasted that long. It would also have been more productive as there would not have been protracted arguments. I believe that the leaders role is very crucial in this kind of situation. He/she should be in charge of the meeting and not let it stray from its topic.The previous recommendations were related to the meeting. Now I would like to make recommendations about the new system. Although a new system that may be used globally sounds very temptin g, it sounds almost impossible to make. The cultures of different countries are very diverse and some are extremely different from others. I would recommend making 23 systems for Asian and Western regions with similar cultures. This would be more efficient rather then trying to make one system that can be applied to everyone.

Biological and Cognitive Development Essay

Developmental psychology studies the changes and how much(prenominal) changes occur over a course of an individuals life events. It seeks to deduce the changes that be universal, the changes that occur regardless of the individuals culture or experiences. Moreover, it also seeks to understand why and how individual differences occur why some volume respond one way in a particular situation while differents respond quite contrastively. Further, cultivational psychology is particularly concerned with the act upon by which behavior changes during an individuals lifetime.By studying biological and cognitive schooling, psychologists and humanity hope to better understand, predict, and modify an individuals behavior. biological DEVELOPMENT Biological development refers to the changes in the body and ace from the moment of conception to old age. This development greatly influences sights behavior. Three of these biological-related events are prenatal, from childhood to adolesce nt, and adult to aging. In prenatal development, the individual grows from a single fertilized egg cell, known as the zygote to an infant with billions of specialized cells.This period is divide into 3 stages namely, the germinal, embryonic, and fetal changes. In the germinal stage, the zygote has become a sm alone mass of cells in the germinal stage, the fetus brain and heart gravel to develop, arms and legs appear, limbs and critical internal organs are promptly developing and in the fetal stage, the fetus respiratory system has developed. So at the finis of prenatal period, an individual have grown from a single cell into an amazingly complex individual who, on average, is close to 20 inches long and weighs about 7.5 pounds. The brain during the prenatal development protrudes to develop between the second and third week after fertilization, and by 3. 5 weeks a primitive na intentionated system is present. By the time of birth, virtually all of the approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain are already present (Cowan, 1979). In the child development, an individual is like a virtual growing machine. By the age of 2, the average child is about 70 % taller than at birth and close to 400 % heavier (Eichorn, 1989).As a rule of thumb, girls grow tall to about half their adult height by 18 months of age while the boys by the age of 2. Between the ages of 2 and 5 years, physical growth slows dawn and then levels off at a relatively steady rate until adolescence. The start of adolescence is also the onset of sexual maturation or puberty. The usual sequence of changes that occur during sexual maturation for girls are the following breasts and pubic hair begin to develop and the onset of menstruation. For the boys, the first signs of puberty are the growth of penis and testes and the appearance of pubic hair.These early signs of sexual maturation take place during a rapid increase in height, muscle size and strength especially for the boys with growt h peak at about the age of 14 years old. The girls on the other hand have their growth peak at 12 years old. However, boys grow taller than girls on average. that the growth of different parts o f the body is not uniform during the growing years. Physical growth ceases, on average, at about 18 years of age in girls and 20 years of age in boys. However, biological development does not stop until the end of life.The brain also grows rapidly during this period. At birth, the brain is about 25 % of its adult weight and size. By the age of 2, it has grown to about 75 % of its adult weight. Although all of a persons neurons are present at birth, the number and complexity of the connections among neurons increase substantially after birth (Parmelee and Sigman, 1983), and this increase is part responsible for the growth in brain size. Further, the increased neural connections and the development of myelin make possible more and more complex behavior and thought as an individual grows.In s ome areas of the brain, these developmental changes continue until maturity (Parmelee and Sigman, 1983). The adult and aging life events are basically a declining stage. A variety of biological developments takes place as people age, including redistribution of body fat, decrease in bone mass, and decrease in muscle size and speed of contraction. Biological changes progress into old age. Many cured people actually become shorter, partly because they slump and partly because of a decrease in bone mass. Muscle size and speed of contraction also decrease. maturation also takes its toll on internal body organs. The heart muscles become weaker, blood flow decreases, and breathing capacity continues to decline. Physical performance also declines. According to Stones and Kozma (1985), these bodily changes are paralleled by declines in physical performance with age. Beginning at about age 30, a persons physical speed, strength, and endurance decline at an average rate at about 1. 5 % a ye ar. The brain also continues to change biologically with age (Creasey & Rapoport, 1985).It decreases in size and weight, and some areas of the brain lose 50 percent or more of their neurons, specifically at the age of 50, with an average decrease of 2 % of brain volume e very(prenominal) 10 years thereafter (Miller, Altson, and Corsellis, 1980). These age-related changes in the brain undoubtedly contribute to deteriorations of sensory, motor, and cognitive function. But just like biological changes in the body, these age-related changes in the brain are averages the actual amount of change varies considerably from person to person. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTCognitive development refers to the changes in knowledge about the world or specifically, it refers to the development of sensation and perception, of the ability to ingest, to reason, and to solve problems. Just like biological development, cognitive development continues from birth through old age. The three cognitive-related even ts that I would like to contend are newborn infants, childhood and aging. In infants, cognitive development begins from the moment of birth as they begin interacting with and gathering information about the world.They have all the rudimentary sensory abilities such as they can see objects, can tell the different shapes and patterns but cant change their focus very well. Their vision rapidly improves over the first six months to a year, although it may be several years until it is fully mature. Moreover, infants can also hear at birth but their threshold of hearing is higher and cant discriminate well between sounds than adults. As with vision, an infants hearing improves rapidly over the first year, although it will be several years before it is fully mature.Further, infants have a well-developed sense of taste (Cawart, 1981) as they can discriminate among different tastes they can also smell and react to different odors and their sense of touch is particularly well-developed. Infa nts motor behavior consists primarily of reflexes such as rooting, sucking, and grasping. These reflexes gradually give way to coordinated voluntary actions, such as sitting and walking. On the other hand, infants can learn from the moment of birth. They show habituation, a simple form of learning where they stop responding to a repeated stimulus.They also learn through operant conditioning, which is making a particular response that brings about either reward or punishments. Although newborn infants can learn, they do not learn as readily as aged children as their memory is not as good as that of adults. Childrens cognitive development theory is most influenced by Jean Piaget. He believed that people acquire knowledge by interacting with the world and that they construct knowledge through assimilation, which is incorporating new information and accommodation or modifying old information.He further proposed a series of four stages of cognitive development, where he described childre ns basic intellectual abilities sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. According to Piaget, these stages represent qualitatively different ways of thinking that occur relatively and abruptly and in the same sequence for all children. Though many psychologists challenged and modified Piagets theory, arguing that cognitive development is not really stagelike, its basic tenets remain widely accepted.During Aging, changes in cognitive abilities seem to decline. This decline may be due to factors such as slow processing of information. Moreover, aging also show declines in memory performance, partly because they use fewer encoding strategies for remembering information and partly because they use fewer cues to retrieve information from memory. But long term storage itself appears to be relatively unaffected by aging and, under favorable conditions, the elderly are nearly as good as young adults at remembering information.Further, laboratory studies in dicate that performance on a variety of problem-solving tasks declines with age. But these studies also show that training and practice can markedly improve older adults problem-solving performance. What is more, when tasks are familiar and the subjects have experience with them, they show little or no decline in performance with age. Older people have accumulated a lifetime of experience, knowledge, and wisdom that they bring to everyday tasks, and this can delete cognitive deficits that may occur (Canestrari, 1986).The picture of inevitable severe intellectual impairment that many people have of the elderly is therefore, a misconception. So, when we consider to each one of these life events though discussed separately, we will see that each of these two major threads in the development (biological and cognitive) of the individual are interwoven. Hence, we cannot separate one from the other and thus must be considered when studying about an individuals development or life-span ch anges. References Canestrari, R. E. , Jr. (1986). Age changes in acquisition. In G. A. Talland (Ed.) Human Aging and Behavior (pp. 169-188). naked as a jaybird York Academic Press. Cowan, W. M. (1997). The development of the brain. Scientific American, 241, 113-133. Cowart, B. J. (1981). Development of taste perception in humans Sensitivity and preference throughout the life span. mental Bulletin, 90, 43-73. Creasy, H. & Rappport, S. I. (1985). The aging human brain. Annals of Neurology, 17,2-10. Eichorn, D. H. (1997). Biological Development Current foci of research. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed. ), Handbook of infant development (pp. 253-282). New York John Wiley & Sons.Miller, A. K. H. , Altson, R. L. , & Corsellis, J. H. N. (1980). Variation with age in the volume of grey and white matter in the cerebral hemispheres of man. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 6, 119-132. Parmelee, A. H. , Jr. , & Sigman , M. D. (1983). Prenatal brain development and behavior. Handbook of child psy chology, Vol II (95-1550. New York John Wiley & Sons. Piaget, J. (1983). Piagets theory. In W. Kessen (Ed. ), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed. ). History , theory, and methods 9pp. 103-128). New York John Wiley & Sons

Matilda: Want and Book Essay

The story is about parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wormwoods who do non think there is anything special about their children, Michael and Matilda. Matildas brother is just manage another normal boy, but Matilda is different. Even she is just four years and three months, she had a mind like a grown-ups. Poor her, her parents are not realizing that their daughter is genuinely special and less attention to her, but they think she is freak. When she was three, she teaches herself to read and wants to read more, even though her parents just want to watch TV.On weekdays her parents leave her al angiotensin-converting enzyme for a while, even though she is just a little, so she up and goes to the library on her own. The librarian, Mrs. Phelps, helps her pick out books. First, Matilda reads all the kids books. thence she asks Mrs. Phelps to pick out something else for her. From there Mrs. Phelps realizes that Matilda is special. So while the librarian treats Matilda like she is normal, she gives he r highly advanced books to read. Matilda reads her first devil book Great Expectations and she asks for more of Dickens books.Along the way, Mrs. Phelps realizes that Matildas parents are just the worst, but she doesnt really do anything to interfere in Matildas family life. subsequently Matilda has read several books, Mrs. Phelps gets her a library card. That means she does not have to visits to the library oftentimes, but she can borrow the books for two weeks. She takes the books home, makes herself cozy, warm drinks, and reads every afternoon in peace. Books make her imagination. After I read this, I imagine if Matilda does exist in this world.Why? Because there are just rarely children do things like Matilda does, and so the adults. merely the technology becomes more sophisticated in a flashadays, make the dependence on technology. For example, Daddy, she said, do you think you could buy me a book? A book? he said. What dyou want a flaming book for? To read, Daddy. What s wrong with the telly, for heavens sake? Weve got a lovely telly with a twelve-inch screen and now you come asking for a book Youre getting spoiled, my girl (Page 12) The dialog is when Matilda wants to buy a book but her father refuses and tells her to watch television. This is one of an example in our daily life, people prefer to watch than read (not all parents do such a thing like that to their children). I adjure I were like Matilda when I was five. She is really good at reading and teaches herself to do complicated problems in her head, as well as how to read. In fact, Matilda is the smartest credit I have ever met, and that makes me like her.That is why I want to discuss her character. Yes, she is special. She is just a four years old but she is so genius. Even she get less attention from her parents, with her open minded, she can solve her problem to read books by going to the library by herself near her house. As we know that a child who still under seven years old still being accompany by their parents, but for me Matilda is amazing and intemperate for a child in her age. At the library, she reads several books which chosen by the librarian, Mrs. Phelps.Thanks to Mrs. Phelps, she the only one who understand and realizes how genius Matilda is. She helps Matilda find the books and sharing the books. What makes me olfactory property surprise, Matilda wants to read a grown-ups book. I cannot imagine how smart she is. What sort of a book would you like to read next? she asked. Matilda said, I would like a really good one that grown-ups read. A famous one. I dont know any names. (Page 15) I highly recommend reading this book. The author wants to transport that it is important to read the book.Read the book knows no age. The book is more expansive because of details, while other from the book is just a glimpse. Therefore, we need to deliver the goods Matilda as what the author wants to tell to the readers. Last, especially for parents. Children nee d attention, whatever the conditions. Children are just like a flower that we should give it attention by providing fertiliser and water to make it continue to grow. This book gives a lot of messages that we can take on in daily life.

A comparison of two poems by Robert Frost: “Ghost House” and “A Cabin in the Clearing”

The first of the two metrical compositions, tactile sensation House is formally structured. It is made up of vi stanzas, each with five lines. It has a strict rhyme scheme the first, second and last lines of each stanza rhyme, as do the thirdly and fourth lines. This creates two unclouded rhyming couplets in each stanza, with the final line appearing disjointed as if it were an addition. This echoes the sentiments of belonging, in contrast with isolation and loneliness, that hoarfrost expresses in the text. The tone of this song is established immediately by the title.Although it is a commonly apply phrase, and is also quite brief, the formulates tad House have uneasy and frightening implications. The poet has created an eery mood in the metrical composition that is contributed to by the use of the storyteller character, the unknown I. The question of who, or what, this character is has been intentionally left unanswered by Frost, as well as many other questions. This enco urages the reader to think more deeply about the verse form, as the answers are not obvious, and in intimately cases not revealed at all.Unanswered questions instil in the reader a palpate of instability and confusion, which serves to enhance the atmosphere of the poem. As these are the feelings expressed by the narrator character, this creates empathy. The subject of the poem is the hold where the narrator lives, or dwells, and the dumb folk that appoint it with him. Central to the poem is the fact that the hearth has vanished and that nature has returned and reclaim the land where it once was. The sense of the passage of time, and the inevitability of life, existence and death, is a theme common to much of Frosts work.In this poem the reader is told that the mark was undo many a summer ago. Although the circumstances surrounding the fate of the house are unclear, it is suggested that a natural disaster was the cause. Use of the word vanished implies that the house was d estroyed suddenly, and the fact that it left no trace but the cellar walls suggests a disaster such as a fire, especially as the poem is set in America where wooden houses are common. Imagery is used, as a cellar in which the daylight falls is depicted, and the raspberries growing on the billet are described as purple-stemmed.These images involve the reader in the poem, and highlight the combination of human influences and nature that is happening. The reader is given the impression that nature is the supreme force in the situation, that nature is infinite and perpetual, and people are insignificant in comparison. While they may have made an impact on their environment, nature has quickly erased it, as the footpath down to the well is healed. The word healed is an emotive one as it has connotations of pain, implying that the footpath was a wound on the landscape that has now been balanceored.It is a reminder of the fact that when we die it does not change the world nature carrie s on, and we are soon forgotten. Throughout the second stanza thither are examples of the site returning to its natural state, as the woods come back and the trees grow freely again. There is a sense of protection, with the use of the word shield to describe the grapevines growing over the fences. Nature is shown as a regenerative force as well as a destructive one. In the third stanza in that respect is a repetition of the word vanished, referring to the house it is described as a vanished abode.This reinforces the unusual situation of the narrator, that he lives in a house that does not exist. The narrator describes his strangely aching heart. This is a powerful reference, as the word aching describes a physical sensation, which is more effective than a purely emotional one, and a sense of pain is indicated. There seems to be a connection between the narrator and the house, he relates how the house is linked to the counterpoise of the world by a disused and forgotten road possi bly indicating that this is how he feels, that his connection with the world has been destroyed, and that he himself is forgotten.Imagery is used end-to-end the poem, as Frost describes the area surrounding the house, and the stones out under the low-limbed tree, presumably gravestones, that have been covered by mosses so that the names cannot be read. This conveys a sense of mystery, as the reader is not informed to whom the stones belong. There are a number of themes that recur through the text. The last two stanzas are in the beginning concerned with the mute folk, who cohabit the house. They are introduced abruptly, relatively late in the poem.They are mentioned casually, and it appears as if the narrator makes the assumption that the audience is already witting of their existence. This indicates that they are a permanent presence in the narrators life, and are a concern to him. It is not clear who, or what, these people are, just as it is with the narrator. This sense of con fusion is reinforced many times. There is an entire stanza devoted to the apparently irrelevant whippoorwill. This could be simply to create atmosphere, and to contrast with the shock of the adjoining stanza in which the mute folk are introduced.The mute folk are described as tireless folk, but slow and sad with the possible uncomplete exception of two individuals, referred to only as lass and lad. It is possible that these two people are not as sad as the rest of their peers because they have a connection they belong to each other. One theme of the poem is loneliness and isolation. The house is described as lonely and the road as forgotten. The narrator is a lonely character, isolated from the world and unable even to communicate with the mute folk. It appears that the narrator has no home, that he does not belong anywhere.Even the house where he dwells is not described as his he calls it a house I know and does not claim that it belongs to him. It is untrue that the title of th e poem refers to a house inhabited by ghosts, but it could refer to the ghost of the house or the memory of a time when the narrator had a home, and a sense of belonging. There is an eerie sense of death in the text. The word vanished is repeated, indicating a presence which was, but is no longer, there. The abruptness with which the house vanished leads to the assumption that death was involved that people died in a disaster of some kind.In the third stanza there is a reference to the night, often used as a metaphor for death. It is expressed simply as Night comes.. and this supports the suddenness of death in the poem. The narrator describes his environment as the unlit space. Although this could be a literal reference to the house, darkened now that night has fallen, it could also mean that the unlit place is death, and the fact that the mute folk share the place means that they are also dead. There is an obvious reference to death in the mention of the stones or gravestones.Th e second poem, A Cabin in the Clearing, has a similar tone to the first poem, and addresses similar issues. However, the two poems have very different forms. In contrast to the structure and rhythm of Ghost House, the second poem appears to be constructed in a much more random way. This is partly due to the conversational style in which Frost has chosen to write. As a result of this there is no rhyme scheme to the poem, and no set stanza format. The poem is made up entirely of conference between two characters, mist and smoke.In the first poem the title influences the tone of the poem considerably as it affects the way that the rest of the poem is read. In the second poem the title is more vague, and although it sets the scene for the rest of the text it does not establish mood in the same way. The title of this poem uses the definite article the when referring to the clearing, and the indefinite article a when referring to the cabin. This places emphasis and importance on the clea ring and detracts from the influence of the people on the landscape, as the cabin is manmade and the clearing is natural.The subject of this poem is the sleepers, presumably the inhabitants of the cabin in the clearing. They are present in the poem from the start, as the character of mist states, I dont recollect the sleepers in this house know where they are. The two characters seem to hold different opinions of the sleepers, with mist appearing more accusatory and demanding of them, while smoke is more sympathetic. some(prenominal) narrators appear not to understand the actions of the people There are many similarities between the two poems. Both have narrator characters, and the perspective of these characters is the same.In Ghost House the narrator is an observer of the mute folk, while in the second poem the narrators are observers of the sleepers. However in the first poem there is only one narrator, who expresses one view, and in the second poem there are two narrators who express two different and slightly conflicting views. The narrators in the two poems have different attitudes towards the people that they are watching. In the first poem the reader is given the impression that the narrator would like to communicate with the mute folk but is unable to.In the second poem it seems as if the narrators could communicate with the sleepers if they wanted to, but they choose the role of observers voluntarily. However in both poems the narrators seem removed from the world of those they observe. In Ghost House this removal becomes isolation, and the audience is made to feel more sympathetic towards this narrator than the equivalent characters in A Cabin in the Clearing, as in this poem the narrators have a bond with each other, and are not as certified on the sleepers

Schopenhauer Analysis

Joon Shin Ms. Love A. P. Language & Composition 17 February 2010 O. C. E. 1 Schopenhauers Assumption In terms of the human mind, we argon currently unable to make definite raisements as to how it functions and what factors affect its learning. Arthur Schopenhauer was a man who believed that to read books was to situate self- sentiment. In turn, he believed that limiting self-thinking was to limit each chances of expanding ones science. However, the influences written down in bound sheets of paper are no polar from influences of the environment and the world in general.Schopenhauer states that if a man does not want to think, the safest plan is to take up a book mailly when he has a spare moment. Yet, it is interesting to consider that to even parade words on a page requires some use of the mind. People do not inherently accept every idea and proposition thrown at them when reading a book. They take the idea and process it, whether they end up agreeing or disagreeing with the idea. It is this process of reasoning that books invoke upon a person.Books do not tend to represent easy, acceptable ideas to good deal books represent the area to philosophize, reason, and expose oneself to the unique and infinite ideas of the world. Schopenhauers biggest fallacy is his belief that the human mind is a mindless machine, taking in in trunkation without any consideration and analysis of the information. However, the primary function of a book is to force a indorser to analyze the ideas it has to offer. If everyone were to accept all the various ideas circulating in our worlds library, then there would be no basis for debate and no conflicting ideas.Yet there are debates and there are arguments. The analysis of the ideas present in books lead to agreement, disagreement, and neutrality. Nonetheless, the reader rests upon a conclusion after the process of reasoning and logic. Linda Elder and Richard Paul once pointed out, One cannot be an educated person without consi stently learning by means of reading. (Elder and Paul). This learning is from the process of constantly analyzing and processing ideas throughout the bound pages of information.As the mind is presented with new ideas, it strives to comprehend and build off of those ideas, adapting and changing its way of thinking constantly. A book can be thought of as a supplier of the raw and bare thoughts of the world. They do not specifically appeal to any of the five senses and thus, forces our minds to compensate by imagining those senses. A movie, on the other hand, gives us visuals and sounds that feed specific emotions and thoughts to the audience. The audience sees and hears what the director specifically wants him/her to see and hear. There is no room for creativity.There is no room for individuality to seep in. In fact, most would argue that movies are growing to have detrimental effects upon people in society. The political cartoon Hollywood Trash by Jerry Seltzer displays a boy crea tion filled with the trash that Hollywood is dumping into him. This represents the state of mindlessness one adapts when absorbing the content in a movie. Because the mind is being spoon-fed ideas, it becomes reliant on the crutches that limit the senses and imagination. In a book, no direct image is being fed. Sounds are obsolete as well as physical touch.The only source of feed the reader has is the words on the pages. For example, when a reader sees the word blue, everything from the ocean to the color shirt they were wearing the other day fills his/her mind. Past memories, experiences, and events are all triggered by this word and culminate to form an expanse of images with no limits. This alone can stand as a reason why books force people to use their minds. It is at the level of gun consciousness. To even comprehend words on a page, the mind is brought to work at full gear, providing the images, sounds, feel, smell, and tastes that bring the book to life.In retrospect, we as humans are influenced by everything in existence. Whether we formulate original ideas or evaluate the ideas of others is regardless in our path of achieving knowledge and information. Our current world today is filled with advertisements and a growing population of electronics and artificial senses. That means that we are finding less use for our natural senses and imagination when we search for forms of entertainment. Schopenhauer says to find our natural influence and to parent our thinking using the world around us.Unfortunately, the world around us is quite possibly a thousand times worse than the very books he is trying to denounce. Our minds are filled with influences and daily trash from entertainment businesses such as Hollywood. They are being fed the knowledge of the world rather than being forced to hunt for it. So perhaps it is preferable to turn back to the detrimental books and seek to expand our intelligence there. After all, the true learning readers inherit from bo oks lies not in the actual information and ideas, but from the resulting process of reasoning and analysis of those ideas.We are not, as Schopenhauer expresses, stupid from learning. For it isnt the feed of information from books that rusts our intelligence on the contrary, it is our ability to respond and expand upon our learning that solidifies our knowledge and builds a base for our intellect to prosper. BIBLIOGRAPHY Lolita in Tehran, Gatsby Paul, Richard, Elder, Linda, Critical Thinking and the Art of Close nurture (Part I). Journal of Developmental Education 27 no. 2 36-7, 39 Wint. 2003 Seltzer, Jerry. Hollywood Trash. www. ParentsTV. org

Explain why women failed to gain the right to votebetween 1900 and 1914

Female Emancipation was one of the greatest changes in human history. Only in the last two centuries has progress been do the right to vote was part of this global process. In the 19th Century Britain was profoundly unequal in terms of class and gender. Women were of inferior status both in societys views and leg bothy, and their role was to marry and have children. On marri get on with they promised to serve their husband and a womans quality became her husbands. (Until late 1880, they had absolutely no rights over their property or children. )Around the turn of the century, groups such as the Suffragists and Suffragettes started up, championing the right for women to vote, which in turn would assistant female candidates run for a position in parliament. This was the verbalise of Britains social hierachy. The matter of why women failed to gain the right to vote in the years leading up to the first world war is quite a complicated issue. With all the huge campaigns lead by the Su ffragists and Suffragettes there are a number of key points to understand. First of all, the vote was very exclusive at this period of time, even all men did not have it.Only homeowners in full-time employment were allowed to vote, which limited the vote to virtually the upper-middle and upper clases, and the gilded workers. Then there were the traditional views on women in general they were seen as practically second class citizens of the country. Only in 1870 had education up to the age of 11 become free and compulsory for girls. (For boys it was earlier) Women had only just won the right to vote and run in local government elections. Most spate felt the womans place was in the home raising children.Young girls who wanted to go on to higher education instead of marrying at the age of 16 were generally looked upon with disgust. They were seen as abnormal. It is easy to see that in a male-dominated country with an all-male government and cabinet it was an almost impossible task to win the franchise, or so it seemed. The Suffrage movement was increasing constantly, however compared to the nations population, the members of the various groups seemed very small. Many men did not want women to gain the vote for the long term reasons verbalise earlier, and even many women felt that they did not need the vote.It is hard to understand, but the whole mentality of British society was so deeply set in traditional thought that bringing about a change of such proportions was an immensly difficult task. Some people even started up Anti-Suffrage movements. The Suffrage groups started putting immense amounts of pressure on the government, which was for most of the duration run by the Liberal Party. (Lead by Lloyd Asquith after 1908. ) Hopes were high for a women suffrage when the Liberals came to power in 1906, because their policies were found on equality, although womens suffrage was not on their manifesto.Asquith, however, was against the right to vote for women. All the womens suffrage groups had intensified their campaigns when the Liberal Party was elected, and they had a high level of support. The Suffragettes were the littler of the two largest groups, but were by far the most publicised. They believed in Deeds not Words, and were a more militant group than the larger and more respectful Suffragists. The Suffragettes were growing impatient and started intensifying their campaigns, growing more and more violent.Incidents involving stoning and heckling MPs, confronting authorities, getting fined and not paying leading to imprisonment plagued the headlines of newspapers on a regular basis. Although this was putting pressure on the government, it also had the negative effect of alienating the movement from the public who generally did not like this approach. The Suffragettes started intro attacks on property, attacking Key MPs houses or property, setting fire to pillar boxes (thus destroying the property of Her Majesty) and chaining themselv es to rails outside important political locations.This caused intense dislike towards them, and caused splits within the group itself. A free vote showed that the Parliament was overall for women to have the vote, as long as an adult male suffrage was introduced aswell. This was so all the working class males would be allowed to vote which would be an adcantage to them, so the increase in upper class people voting (women) would not hurt their chances of bonny re-elected. They also did not want to be seen as giving in to what was literally terrorism.The government also had greater issues to deal with, such as the crisis in Ireland, and the threat of War with Germany. Compared to these issues, the womens demonstrations and attacks seemed a minor problem. In 1914, The First World War had begun. This was the first total war, which required the whole nations contribution. The Suffragettes and other groups called off their protests and volunteered to help the government in the war effor t. They had failed to win the right to vote, at least in the years between 1900 and 1914.

Goodnight Mr. Tom

Goodnight Mr. tomcat Mr. Tom He is a bit gruff, but caring in the end. He is mostly a loner but opens his heart, when Willie arrives. William Beech Scared, abused child who comes to stay with Mr. Tom during the war and later finds out the dependable feeling of family. Afraid of the belt. George A friend of Wills at Little Weirw gray-haired. Carrie A friend of Willie, who is fiercely mugwump and later goes on to attend high school. Zack An outgoing, funloving boy who is also an evacuee from London staying with a Little Wierwold family. A loyal friend who helps William come out of his shell.Ginnie Carries sister. Annie Hartridge The beautiful and kind schoolteacher with violet blue eyeball and a single long blonde braid. Has a baby, just after Willie starts in her class. Mrs. Fletcher Caretaker for Mr Toms house. Geoffrey An artist alimentation in Spooky Cott after his time at Dunkirk. Recognizes Willies drawing talent and becomes his art mentor. Emilia Thorne Williams abet teach er. Later develops a relationship with Geoffrey. Mrs. Clarence A middle-aged woman living in Salmouth, who takes Mr Tom, Willie and Zach in for their holidays. Dobbs Mr.Toms horse. Rachel Mr. Toms wife who died shortly after childbirth. afterwards her death, Mr. Tom shut himself away from anyone who reminded him about her. Mrs. Black Mr. Bush tabby Mrs. Miller Mr. Peters Christine Trudy Mrs. Beechs surprise baby. Later dies of mistreatment and malnutrition. Charlie Rudd A local warden of Deptford. Shows Mr Tom Willies house and assists in the rescue. tantrum England Little Weirwold The village Willie is evacuated to. Deptford Willies home town. Mr. Oakley later travels there. Expressions Wizzo Expression akin to Neato or Great Calloo Callay Originally from Lewis Carrolls Jabberwockey, Calloo Callay is an expression of joy and excitement. Theme Power of Love Summary Abused boy goes to live with grumpy old man in the county because of war. Boy becomes happy, man becomes nice Wil lie Beech is evacuated to stay with Mr Tom, where they bond after time. After time Mr Tom willingly adopts him. Quotes He called me Dad, he whispered croakily into the darkness. He called me Dad. And, although he felt overwhelmed with happiness, the disunite ran silently down his face. Mr Tom (or Mr. Oakley)

Mentoring Programs for At-Risk Youth

The word mentor derives its get-go from a character in Homers epic poem The Odyssey. When Odysseus, King of Ithaca, went to fight in the Trojan War, he en institutionalizeed the c are of his Kingdom to Mentor. Mentor served as the teacher and overseer of Odysseuss son, Telemachus.1In our monastic order today, mentors gener on the wholey are volunteers who are committed to helping students or jejuneness identified as at-risk and/or as a potential dropout get back on trackacademically, socially, mentally and physically.The specific roles of mentors are multifaceted and varied. Mentors are big brothers/sisters, role models, friends and confidantes. Their goal is to make a connection and then, using that connection, set about a positive message to their mentee. Mentors build self-esteem, motivate and help young persons set goals and work toward accomplishing those goals. at that place is little doubt of the importance of mentoring programmes and the benefits they yield. Studies of e xisting programs indicate that youth who participate in mentoring relationships guard break out attendance and attitude toward school less drug and alcohol use improved social attitudes and relationships much trusting relationships and better communication with their parents and a better chance of going on to higher education.2Unfortunately, all those who could be benefiting from having a mentor are not. According to Mentoring in America 2005 A Snapshot of the menstruation State of Mentoring, Of the 17.6 million young people who could especially benefit from having a mentor, only 2.5 million were in formal, one-on-one mentoring relationships. 3In the state of computed tomography, over 160,000 childrenor 25 % of computerized tomographys youthare in life situations that place them at risk for personal and academic failure.4These situations include poverty, unequal early childhood experiences and preparation for school, family drug use, violence, involvement in the criminal justi ce outline and inadequacy of access to needed social and mental health services.Government, community and civic groups and individuals are trying to channelise that trying to make a difference. Since 1989, The Governors streak alliance has worked with the State of conjoinicut, computerized tomographys corporate and caper communities and other public, private and community organizations to provide the leadership and resources to assist 387 schools, 249 community organizations and 93 businesses in efforts to progress the children of the state safe, successful and drug-free.5This is being accomplished, in part, through the following programs.The Connecticut Mentoring PartnershipCreated in 1977, The Connecticut Mentoring Partnership (CMP) challenges business leaders to help create a statewide mentoring initiative as a saloon strategy to protect youth from drug use, school failure and other related problems.The program provides leadership, resources and training to schools, busi nesses, community and faith-based organizations throughout the state in an effort to increase mentoring partnerships and promote safe, quality mentoring programs.The Partnership also works toRaise public awareness CMP has partnerships with NBC30, CBS Radio, Buckley Radio and others, a statewide media campaign recruits mentors during issue Mentoring Month in January. Raising awareness of the importance of mentoring is also done year-round. A toll-free do, 1-877-CT-MENTOR, provides information on mentoring and ties into a statewide database of mentoring programs.Recruit and refer mentors Business and community groups are assisted in recruiting their workforce or members to serve as mentors.Develop impertinently mentoring resources, including public and private funding prophesy and promote public policies and legislation that strengthen mentoring and collect and track data.Activities and services of the CMP include The Mentoring Training lend technical assistance and support on Co nnecticut Quality Standards for mentoring programs and assistance on program normal resources and mentor recruitment, screening, training and program design Regional Mentoring Networks for program providers mentor recruitment and a toll-free Mentor Referral Line annual mentoring showcase conference and workshops The Mentoring Corporate Honor Roll and Corporate Mentoring orotund Table that promotes, supports and recognizes corporate involvement and program evaluation tools and resources.Since 1997, CMP has created over 200 new programs and to a greater extent than 3,000 new mentoring relationships. Since 2001, 70 schools and businesses have joined the Partnerships School Business Mentoring Alliance and 90 companies have been recognized through the 2005 Mentoring Corporate Honor Roll.6The Urban Mentoring InitiativeThe Urban Mentoring Imitative (UMI) was created in 2005 in partnership with the state of Connecticut. Over the next two years2006-2007the CMP will initiate a mentoring ex pansion effort in Hartford, Waterbury, Norwich, Bridgeport, New Haven, New Britain and Windham.During that time, The UMI will be responsible for attempting to significantly increase the number of mentors for at-risk children in those communities. This will be done by increasing the capacity of existing mentoring programs to reach to a greater extent children developing new mentoring programs and models to address existing gaps and identifying and accessing additional resources.The two-year funding appropriated by the State legislative body will be matched by corporate and private sector monies secured by The Governors Prevention Partnership. throw away weft Mentoring ProgramProject Choice Mentoring Program (PCMP) is dedicated to helping the youth of the urban center of Hartford. Its mission is to empower committed delinquent youth to make positive life choices that will alter them to maximize their personal potential and be successful in their community.The program provides cari ng mentors who are fully trained and supported by the professional staff of Project Choice and Nutmeg with child(p) Brothers Big Sisters, according to Eddie Perez, Mayor of Hartford, CT. Project Choice mentors strive to be a positive support system to the youth as well as to the family by forming a relationship based on trust and respect. This allows Project Choice mentors to advocate for the youth in academic, community and family settings while opening doors of opportunity that differently would not be available to them.7Project Choice started as an idea of David Norman in August 2001 at the Connecticut Juvenile Training School (CJTS). Norman took on the challenge of fitting a positive role model for one in need youth. Over time, the youngster responded to Normans efforts with improved behavior, causing others to notice the change. As a result, the idea of role model became more widely accepted and the term was gradually changed to mentor. This acceptance allowed Norman and ot hers to work with more youth at the CJTS facility and Project Choice was born.Project Choice works with Connecticuts Juvenile judge and at-risk youth between the ages of 11 and 21. The program operates on a buy-in premise. It is completely youth-driven, ensuring that the youth have the natural selection to buy-in (or participate). No participant is forced, mandated or court ordered to be part of the mentoring process.In 2003, Project Choice partnered with Nutmeg Big Brothers Big Sisters (NBBBS). Today, PCMP also is partnered with Boys Girls Clubs of America and together with NBBBS, work under the umbrella of Connecticuts Department of Children and Families, Bureau of Adolescent and Transitional Services. Project Choice also is networked with the One-on-One Mentoring Program.Project Choice again expanded its resources by establishing a formal collaboration with Project Connect. Project Connect specializes in presenting alternative choices to youth and reinforcing the belief that p ositive behavior yields positive rewards.Youth Fair recover, Inc.This matter project is funded by the Department of Labor. Established on a case-management basis, this Connecticut program targets individuals between the ages of 14 and 25.Focus is on computer, job and life skills training tutoring, which is conducted four times a week and open mentoring. There are no specific project guidelines for the mentoring program, which currently operates on an as-needed basis. Set up at heart a peer-to-peer mentor atmosphere, Yale University students occasionally provide assistance.Other services offered by Youth Fair Chance include day care, summer employment assistance, support groups, high school diploma equivalency classes and recreational activities. quad youth program areas are presently being developed that will focus on gender-specific prevention programs for female youth.During the 2005-2006 academic school year a follow-up evaluation of the school-based mentoring program was co nducted by the Connecticut Mentoring Partnership. One hundred and ninety mentored youth from seven school systems were evaluated.8The evaluation was viewed as a take flight or exploratory study that would serve as a stepping stone for future evaluations and mentoring research. Overall, the results were positive. The states mentoring programs seem to be reaching those individuals who are somewhat academically at-risk and are subsequently able to brook or improve their academic performance during the course of a mentoring relationship. Footnotes1Reh, F. John. Mentors and Mentoring What Is a Mentor? Retrieved December 1, 2006, from http//management.about.com/cs/people/a/mentoring.htm.2Mentoring in America 2005 A Snapshot of the Current State of Mentoring. Results of a diadem on mentoring commissioned by MENTOR. Retrieved December 1, 2006, from http//www.mentoring.org/leaders/partnerships/index.php?s=CT.3http//www.mentoring.org/leaders/partnerships/index.php?s=CT.4The Governors Partn ership Program Connecticut Mentoring Program. Retrieved on December 1, 2006, from http//www.preventionworksct.org/mentor.html.5http//www.preventionworksct.org/mentor.html.6http//www.preventionworksct.org/mentor.html.7Project Choice Mentoring Program. Received from http//www.projectchoicementor.org/index.htm.8Connecticut Mentoring Partnership 2005-2006 Evaluation Results executive Summary. Received December 1, 2006, from http//www.preventionworksct.org.

The Difference Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This try out is going to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic doctrines- natural up salutaryness and levelheaded incontrovertibility. match to Hume, there ar two realms of valet de chambrekind enquiry , one in the field of facts which is concerned with what is actually the cutting and the other in the field of ought that is, what ought to be the case1.Those who believe in the principle of natural constabulary are known as naturalists musical composition those who believe in the principle of effectual positivism or positive fair play are known as positivists. This is a brief overview of the two principles of natural police and legal positivism. Natural truth Natural Law started with the ancient Greeks and suggested that there was a higher military unit in control of gentlemans gentleman existence. Natural rectitude deals with the combining of law and deterrent examples and is sourced from religion, culture and reason. It is the path by which human beings can rationally guide themselves to their good and it is based on the structure of globe itself.All human beings possess a basic knowledge of the principles of natural law. Naturalists believe an unjust law is non a law. Doherty said One of the classical theories of natural law is that there are certain(prenominal) principles of human conduct, awaiting discovery by human reason, with which man-made laws must conform if it is to be effectual2 Natural law is what ought to be. Some natural law judgeers were Hobbes, Locke, Finnis, Fuller and Aquinas. Aquinas set the pattern of recent natural law thinking. He divided law into four categories-eternal law, divine law, natural law and human law.The first precept of the natural law, according to Aquinas, is the imperative to do good and avoid evil. Aquinas believed that human laws that do not correspond to the natural law are corruptions of law. These are human laws tha t lack the slip of law that binds moral conscience 3 The term natural lawis ambiguous in that it refers to a type of moral theory as well as a legal theory. 1 2 Dennis Lloyd The inclination Of Law(1964)p. 80 Michael Doherty JurispudenceThe school of thought Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 132 3 Ibid p. 151 UP05/11/2012-031535 WM05/11/2012-031538 MIA120-3-FY A12a1 R1204531 C78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B well-grounded Positivism Legal positivism has to do with the seperation of laws and morals. Legal positivism is a philosophy of law that emphasizes the conventional nature of law-that it is socially constructed. According to legal positivism, law is synonymous with positive norms, that is, norms made by the legislator or considered as common law or case law4 Some positivists were Bentham, Austin, Hart and Kelsen and they all had different theories. Bentham- utility, Austin- requires, Hart- rules, Kelsen- norms. Legal positivism is of the view that godliness is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law.Bentham referred to natural law is nonsense on stilts. He said the testing of good or evil in an act is its utility and that the greatest happiness of the greatest derive is the social test of what is moral conduct. Austins particular theory of law is often called the command theory The three basic points of Austins theory were- the law is a command issued by the uncommanded commander , the commands are backed by threats and a sovereign is one who is habitually obeyed. Kelsen was of the view that the that law is positive law, that which is the product of the will of the people, there are no natural laws therefore.Positivists believe that law is linked with the sovereignty. According to Bentham and Austin, law is a phenomenon of large societies with a sovereign a determinate somebody or group who have supreme and absolute de facto power they are obeyed by all or most others but do not themselves similarly obey anyone else5 Positivists s ay ought is important but should be seperate and one should avoid trying to derive an ought from an is. Natural lawyers believe that law is necessarily machine-accessible to ethics, whereas legal positivists deny that. This is the major difference between positivist and natural law thinkers.Natural law is the combination of laws and morals while legal positivism is the seperation of laws and morals. Legal positivism declares that morality is irrelevant to the identification of what is valid law and that the criteria for the harshness of a legal rule or law in a alliance is that it has the warrant of the sovereign and will be enforced by the sovereign and its agents. Raz, a positivist, stated that the validity of a law can never depend on its morality 6 Positive law or positivism is 4 5 www. iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ April 17 2001accessed 4th November 2012 Plato. tandford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ 2003accessed 4th November 2012 6 Joseph Raz The Authority Of Law Essays On Law A nd Morality(1979)p. 47 UP05/11/2012-031535 WM05/11/2012-031538 MIA120-3-FY A12a1 R1204531 C78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B different from natural law because it calls for a certain appreciate of regularity of observance for without this feature, it would hardly be entitled to rank as law at all. A natural law on the other hand may stll be held to be valid scour if it is never or scarcely even observed. 7 Legal positivism will only cook in a community where it is widely accepted. Hart suggested that the legal system is a closed sensible system where decisions may be deduced by logic. For natural lawyers- laws will be morally correct. For positivists- the moral font is a social standard for people to aspire to. Another major difference between the principle of natural law and the principle of legal positivism is that natural law is not constructed by human beings while legal positivism is constructed by humanbeings through the statedraws from lawmakers and the process o f lawmaking. There are two aspects, therefore, that stress the contrast between positivism in its caricatured form and natural law theores. First,law is exclusively the premise of the legal caste(incluing legilsators) This deprives law of any spurious claims of intrinsic morality and ensures the individuals right to his own conscience, while reserving the legal systems right to punish him for transgressing. Secondly, it allows for precise statements about the nature of valid law which approximate to the lawyers experience. 8 Natural law is unwritten while legal positivism consists of the written rules and regulations by the government- codes, acts. Another distinction is that natural law is the order of conviviality(literally, the order of living together)9 the conditions of conviviality are universal. Legal positivism on the other hand is specific to a particular area. While positivism states that the concept of law is simply what the legal system in a given society recognizes as law, naturalisation considers law to be an ideal, commonly shared by human societies10Natural law follows a test.If it fails the moral test, then it is not good law. Positivism doesnt follow that test. Some laws may lack in morals but still be good law. Despite the distinctions between natural law and legal positivism, there is a necessary connection between the two principles. Natural law flows into legal 7 8 Dennis Lloyd The Idea of Law(1964)p. 97 Michael Doherty Jurispudence The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 9 http//users. ugent. e/frvandun/Texts no dateaccessed 4th November 2012 10 Michael Doherty Jurispudence The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 155 UP05/11/2012-031535 WM05/11/2012-031538 MIA120-3-FY A12a1 R1204531 C78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9B positivism indirectly because it is impossible to have a legal system without faithfulness to the rule of law and formal justice. The connection between law and critical morality is necessary in that i t is not contingent. It applies to any law and every legal system.The proposed interpretation of every law in every legal system can easily be argufyd on the ground that it is not morally defensible, whether the challenge succeeds or fails in a particular instance11Any positive law that conflicts with natural law is not really law at all. As a result of this, there is no moral or legal obligation to obey it. People will not follow a law that they think is morally repulsive. A rule is licitly valid if theres a moral right to enforce it. If people do not have morals or reason, it will be factually hard to have a legal system.Radbruch said a law could not be legally valid until it had passed the tests contained in the formal criteria of legal validity of the system and did not contravene basic principles of morality12 Natural law and legal positivism are undoubtedly interwined and inter-related. The values of fairness, equity, justice, honesty, humanity, dignity, prudence, abstention from delirium and a host of other values that conduce to cooperation and coexistence play a prominent role in the law even when they are not incorporated in any formal source of law. 13 In conclusion,in order to know what your legal rights are, you need to look at what laws your society has. In order to know what your moral rights are, you need to figure out what is the true morality. 14 Adaeze Aseme. 11 12 Users. ox. ac. uk/all. s0079/positivism2. pdf no dateaccessed 4th November 2012 Michael Doherty Jurispudence The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003)p. 157 13 Ibid. P. 39 14 Michael Doherty Jurispudence The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2004)p. 39 UP05/11/2012-031535 WM05/11/2012-031538 MIA120-3-FY A12a1 R1204531 C78D1638A2748CDB50B5907EB2217613C84694D9BBIBLIOGRAPHY Books Lloyd, Dennis, The Idea Of Law(1967) Raz, Joseph, The Authority Of Law Essays on Law And Morality(1979) Doherty, Michael, Jurispudence The Philosophy Of Law(Third Edition)(2003,2004) Internet Sources www . iep. utm. edu/legalpos/ April 17 2001accessed 4th November 2012 Plato. standford. edu/entries/legal-positivism/ 2003accessed 4th November 2012 http//users. ugent. be/frvandun/Texts no dateaccessed 4th November 2012 Users. ox. ac. uk/all. s0079/positivism2. pdf no dateaccessed 4th November 2012

Bullying and Fun Thing Essay

Schools from all over the world should really start preventing all this blustery thats going on. I find it bad that everyone makes fun of everyone. Either if its cyberbullying or just bullying, its a problem for a lot of students. In order to prevent bullying and all of this harassment, on that points so many things that Id think can solve this problem. One of the initial things that i think could be a solution for all of this would be talking to all of their p bents, attain a meeting about it, because most of their parents are also bullies.For example, that mother in Missouri who was make pretend she was a guy named Josh Evans on myspace and was cyberbullying her daughters friend just because she wanted revenge on that poor little girl and then she committed suicide. This all needs to stop Parents are speculate to be setting an example for their children but theyre really not doing that correctly. More and more kids are losing their lifes because of this. It really isnt a fun thing to do, the only thing youre really doing is pain and making them feel really bad. Noone would kindred it if someone else would do it to you.Changing the subject, the community should be more aware of this in my opinion. I feel like they need to step up a tout ensemble lot and make them have some changes around. The police should track on the computer everything that happens with everyone now a days, and if theres any cyberbullying going on then they should just simply arrest them. They should be more stricter about it, not just around the community but also in schools. sometimes I feel like theyre really not doing anything about bullying. I feel like noone cares at all, especially after what happened with the young adults that commited suicided these past few years.

Factors behind Economic Growth in Hong Kong and Singapore Essay

There are many similarities between Hong Kong and capital of Singapore. Both countries k direct high sparing growth rates for the past three decades, they are known as eastmost Asian Tigers because they made a transition from poverty to Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) in a very minuscule period of time. Both Hong Kong and Singapore were British colonies with both(prenominal) legal and administrative systems of their former colonial powers. They are the busiest ports in the world in terms of withputs.They have climbed the industrial ladder and are now important international financial centers because of their reliance on trade since 1960s (Kim. t al 1994). In addition both cities are densely populated since land is scarce and land together with seat prices is very high. These two cities are known for being fee traders with few restrictions on trade and detonator flows which many a times are Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Hong Kong the state owns exclusively the land whereas in Singapore the state owns four fifths of the total land. Consequently both cities capture economic rent primarily by nationalizing land and leasing it out.While the state owns much of the land in Singapore and the sole landowner in Hong Kong, the inefficiencies that could result from state ownership are taken care of through the creation of markets for state, land and property leases. Meanwhile the public leasehold system where the state is the major role worker in land use, planning and resource allocation works very well in both cities since the public sector institutions of both are efficient and non-corrupt. These institutions in both countries benefit from adequate checks and balances, merit-based recruitment and pay scales which are high enough to reduce the temptation to corruption.In conclusion, there economies are wide believed to be the most economical free in the world are these economic freedom emanates from the governments hands-off policy which allows for flexibility and renovation of any given industry in a very short time. Both countries also have very little available land and very few lifelike resources therefore importing most of their food and raw materials equally most of their exports consists of re-exports which are products made distant their territories.

The Organisational Context of Management Accounting Essay

The Organisational condition of Management Accounting - Essay ExampleThis paper is aimed at analyzing the case study of the Royal danish Theatre (RDT). In an attempt to implement budgetary and management control system into RDT that met with resistance from polar actors. The objectives of this paper can be examined from three dimensions. In the first instance, the paper seeks to outline, analyse and discuss the master(prenominal) issues concerning the case study of the Royal Danish Theatre in relation to management control and accountability. In the second part of the paper, the paper identifies the studys methodological assumptions of the case study using function and mishap theory.The paper interprets the similarities and differences of the case study from to each one of the theoretical perspective. Following a series of budgetary control and a number of reforms which were instituted to push RDT towards the break even point. Thus in our analyses we will be evaluating the man agement control system of RDT as described in the case study in persona analyzing the case using agency and contingency theories in section comparing and contrasting agency and contingency theory perspectives as well as looking at how the interpretation of the case differ from each theoretical perspective in section . This dscussion identifies and discusses the various issues raised in the case from an academic and professional perspective. These issues are presented under different subsections below.

Case Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Case teach - Assignment ExampleIt was perfectly clear that they were condoning the act and prioritized their misguided need for Sanduskys services all over those of little children that had suffered under his care. It is more likely that those in charge AD and VP were more concerned with mental synthesis the culprits name at the expenses of impoverished children who were suffering in the hands of someone that was being portrayed as a provider. All these were part of the ethical failures that made this case all those years, for a serious movement to be taken.The most likely trigger for the unethical behavior was Sanduskys good gesture of possibleness a charity Second Mile. Apparently, he ended up suing the charity as a grooming haven for his victims. Those in power, the police incompetence, the AD and VP were also key in building this culture (Gill Jr. and Allen).The most notable thing to do by those who had prior knowledge of these allegations should have describe to the polic e and assist in the investigation to provide sufficient evidence to convict Sandusky. The sanctions against PSU were a trash harsh considering the fact that many suffered for the crime of a few. Loss of scholarships, the heavy fine, and vacating PSU victories, brought more damage to the innocent than the perpetrators.Gill Jr., E. L., and T. Allen. The Sandusky Child Sexual Abuse Scandal The Implications for Athletic Department Procedures, Training, Policy, and Child Welfare musical arrangement Interactions. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics (2013) 7089. Print.Great post Christiana, I agree with you on the fact that Sanduskys unethical desires were the brainchild of all these mayhem. Not only did he abuse his power, merely also he repeatedly abused the children that he was in charge of protecting and nurturing. Perjury in this case was what fueled Sanduskys actions as he knew he was untouchable probably

Nissan Automotive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nissan Automotive - Research written report ExampleFor example, Renault acquired one-third shares of Nissan, but it was not contemplating on building Renaults plant in lacquer or shifting its modeling production in Japanese factories. Alternatively, Renault appointed a star manager, Carlos Ghosn, at CEOs position in Nissan. Ghosn restructured the company, hence restoring Nissan to profitability (Crooks, 2010).This analysis suggests a simple model for FDI where Nissan as a heterogeneous investor bid to secure the pull strings rights on proposed or existing foreign assets the formulation is capable of explicitly considering more than two countries or market. The model avails a strategy utilise in bilateral FDI for analyzing bilateral trade in goods its specification entails an inward effect showing characteristics pertaining to the destination country, an outward efficacy indicating the features of origin country, and a vector consisting pair-specific variables that reflect moni toring costs (Forum, 2010). The model is utilise or estimated using five countries. In the second stage, the estimated outward and inward fixed effects relate to variables that are predicted by the model. Then the formulation of the model is aggregated into yielding simple table employ for each countrys share of the world Automobile FDI (Obashi, 2010).Many firms engage in FDI without exploiting the orthogonal markets directly via the exportation. They focus on location, internalization, and ownership advantages with internalization of intangible assets. Ownership advantage depends on the managerial and technological transcendency of home countrys firm in relation to the hosting country firms. This superiority should be sufficient to deal with the extra costs incurred as a result from differences in business sector customs, informal and formal norms, and languages. As a result, the ownership is directly linked with control hence control turns weaker when ownership

There is no point in having a doctrine of administrative Essay

There is no point in having a doctrine of administrative unreasonableness. Discuss - r residuumer ExampleIt might be further added that an administrative finale would be deemed as unreasonable if it is so unreasonable that no reasonable authority could have ever reached it.1 This sounds very pompous but in effect is nonhing but a tautology that would make a lawyer feel olympian of their linguistic expertise without clarifying unmatchable little bit the issue at hand. To begin with one must differentiate between unreasonableness and other grounds for review of an administrative last. The other grounds for a review of an administrative close are ir pertinent considerations and improper purposes. These two grounds are in general concerned with administrative process and evaluate whether the administrative authority made specific mistakes in the feed of the administrative process by considering irrelevant issues or by directing its attention to an improper purpose. further the review conducted on grounds of unreasonableness does not examine the administrative process it is more concerned with the end result. This means the court need not enquire whether any specific mistake has occurred, instead it would believe on the reasonableness of the administrative decision. ... However, this doctrine is so intrinsically vague as it word of farewells the final decision of unreasonableness to the sensibilities of the judges without any support of undeniable evidence that courts are usually very cautious in employing this ground of review and will only in rarest of rare occasions strike down an administrative decision as unreasonable. Therefore, though the doctrine of unreasonableness is a very potent weapon in the custody of judiciary to correct the wrongs done by the administrative arm of the government, its rare use perhaps blunts a good deal of its potentiality. The issue should be examined from another perspective to get a better view about its effectiveness in a civil society. Let us assume that a decision will never be unreasonable unless some mistake has occurred in the administrative process. If that be so, unreasonableness is not a defect by itself but a symptom of another defect. Such an apprehension may racetrack the court to issue an order of nisi (as it is done in Israel) or grant leave for a judicial review (as it is done in England). Subsequently, as the review progresses, it may be unearthed that the decision is flawed with irrelevant considerations or improper purposes. If that be the case, the administrative decision can be upset(a) on those grounds and not on grounds of unreasonableness. It might also be that the review would lead to the conclusion that the administrative decision is based on relevant considerations and proper purposes and therefore cannot be flawed on these grounds but it might come to light that the authority had given unnecessary richness and undue weight to an otherwise relevant consideration. It could, for instance, be that the authority has converted a marginally relevant

Dworkins Distinction Between Ethics and Morality Essay

Dworkins Distinction Between morals and Morality - Essay ExampleCertainly, morals are informed by both majorities and minorities4 and it, therefore, makes mind that standards are set, regulated and enforced by via executive functions. For Dworkin, it is within this paradigm that the governmental biotic conjunction exists. The governmental community is a pivotal point of individual and collective identity. Depending on whether or not the political community is successful or not, members of the community will either perceive that the political community enhances the calibre of our lives or limits it.5 According to Dworkin, morals and religions differ and conflict among groups and gum olibanum it is impossible to construct a universal legal or communal code that embodies wholly moral and religious ideologies and values. Thus, political communities set limits and standards for all.6 In this regard, Dworkins conceptualization of the relationship between morality and ethics explain s the relationship between morality and the faithfulness in a way that is consistent with Rawls idea of justice.7 For Rawls, justice is achieved by setting standards, but by avoiding prohibiting moral and religious beliefs that deviate from the established standards. A just society instead will sustain the views of differents.8 Similarly, Dworkin advocates for a political textile that takes a neutral stance in that it does not favor angiotensin converting enzyme set of religious or moral values over another.9 Rawls conceptualization of justice and the political community is more than realistic than Dworkins theory. It is conceivable that a legal and/or political framework layabout set and enforce specific moral standards and at the same time recognize and tolerate other religious and moral standards that are different from the normative standard. This would accord with ideas of equality. Thus Rawls theory of political liberalism makes more sense than Dworkins theory of libera l community. Dworkin advocates for a neutral framework while admitting that it is impossible to pronounce a universal moral code. Arguably, in order to be neutral, the political communitys framework must reflect the common values of all members of the community. The values and morals of some members of the political community will be left out since the liberal community must determine and set standards for all to follow. Therefore, Dworkins theory of liberal community is a bit contradictory. Nevertheless, Dworkin insists that truth and the liberal community that informs the law is beneficial to members of the community because it formulates standards thus facilitating fairness and certainty. It also ensures that members of the community are treated equally and thus makes the community more sincere and enhances the moral rationale for the exercise of executive powers.10 The difficulty with this aspect of Dworkins reasoning, however, is that the executive may decide to treat all mem bers of a community with equal oppression.11 In such(prenominal) a case, would the executive have a moral justification for the exercise of its powers? The answer according to Gough and Stables is be in Dworkins general assumption that the liberal community is structured around respect for rights and high-handedness of the members of the community.